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Our indium page has over 210 facts that span 92 different quantities. Each entry has a full citation identifying its source. Areas covered include atomic structure, physical properties, atomic interaction, thermodynamics, identification, atomic size, crystal structure, history, abundances, and nomenclature. Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. Indium is the softest metal that is not an alkali metal. It is a silvery-white metal that resembles tin in appearance. It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth's crust.

Indium is characterized as post transition metal. It was discovered it 1863 and have found wide use in making semiconductors and transistors. Indium has no biological role but is toxic when inhaled or ingested.

Discovery and History

In 1863, Hieronymous Richter and Ferdinand Reich discovered indium by spectroscopic methods. The name indium was given to the novel element for its indigo blue line in its spectrum. Its symbol is In. Pure indium was isolated in 1864 [1]. In its early days, indium was used as a coating agent of bearing of aircraft engines in World War II. In 1950, indium beads were used in junction transistors.

Indium

Periodic Table Classification	Group 13 Period 5
State at 20C	Solid
Color	Silvery lustrous gray
Electron Configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Electron Number	49
Proton Number	49
Electron Shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 3
Density	7.31 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Atomic number	49
Atomic Mass	114.82 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling	1.78

Occurrence

Indium is present in Earth’s crust in around 0.21 ppm. It is not present in elemental or free form. Indium does not have any ore that contain high concentration of this metal. Naturally, it is present in little amounts with ores of copper, lead, iron and zinc. Commercially, indium is obtained as a byproduct during the refining of zinc sulfide ores. The largest producer of indium is China, followed by Canada, Japan and South Korea [2].

Physical Characteristics

Indium is a silver white lustrous metal. It is soft and can be cut with a knife. Indium has a low melting point (156.60 C) and boiling point is 2072 C. The density of indium is 7.31 g/cm³. Indium has the ability to become a superconductor below the critical temperature. Indium is resistant to corrosion.

Chemical Characteristics

Indium is not very reactive metal. it does not form compounds with water. Reaction of halogens with indium lead to the production of indium (III) compounds. Indium does not react with base and is insoluble in alkaline solutions. When burned in air, indium (III) forms indium oxide, which can react with both acids and base (an amphoteric compound). The most common oxidation state of indium is +2.

Significance and Uses

• Indium is widely used in the semiconductor industry. It is used in the manufacturing of LCD screens for television and computer monitors. This accounts for around half of the worldwide usage of indium [4].
• indium oxides are used as conductive coating on glass in electroluminescent panels.
• Indium is used in the manufacturing of ultra-high-vacuum applications, such as various electron and X-rays electro-photon spectroscopy.
• It is used in cryogenic applications for the study and production of various materials at low temperature.
• Indium is used in amalgam alloys used for dental purposes.
• It is used as control rod in nuclear reactors.
• Radioactive isotope of indium (indium-111) is used in nuclear medicine studies for the movement of blood cells in the body.

Health Hazards

Indium (III) is toxic to the body if ingested. It damages the kidneys and is more toxic in aqueous solution as compared to direct injection of metal into the body [5]. Indium toxicity is mostly an occupational hazard and personals can develop symptoms of toxicity through ingestion, eye contact, inhalation and contact with skin.

Isotopes of Indium

Indium has thirty-nine isotopes, which range in mass number from 97 to 135. There are only two naturally occurring isotopes, indium-113 and indium-115. The only stable isotope is indium-113. And indium-115 is the most abundant isotope. Among the artificial isotopes, indium-111 is the most stable with half life of 2.8 days. All indium isomers undergo decay via isomeric transition [6].

REFERENCES

[1]. J.W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry., 1929, vol v, Longmans, Green and Co., p 387,388

[2]. Indium – in: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 2017.

[3]. “Indium Price Supported by LCD Demand and New Uses for the Metal”. Geology.com. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-12-21. Retrieved 2007-12-26.

[4] “Indium Price Supported by LCD Demand and New Uses for the Metal”. Geology.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-21. Retrieved 2007-12-26.

[5]. Castronovo, F. P.; Wagner, H. N. (October 1971). “Factors Affecting the Toxicity of the Element Indium”. British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 52 (5): 543–559. PMC2072430. PMID5125268.

[6]. Audi, Georges; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A. H. (2003). “The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties”. Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1): 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729….3A. CiteSeerX10.1.1.692.8504. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

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Indium Tile ( If according to color, dark green is 'Other Metals' )

Located in the Group 13 and Period 5 in the Periodic Table, is a element rarely found in pure form but in a trace element in other minerals. This is an element called Indium.

Discovered in 1863 and after that being isolated by both chemists, Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter. They were actually testing ores from the mines around Freiberg, Saxony. They distilled raw Zinc Chloride by dissolving the minerals Pyrite, Arsenopyrite, Galena and Sphalerite in Hydrochloric Acid (HCI).

But why were there two discoverer?

Colorful? If you are a color blind, how could you see?

Ferdinand Reich is actually one of the color-blind. Because the spectrum lines are based on the color reflected on the elements, so he employed Richter as an assistant to assist him from the color spectrum.

What do Color Blind see?

Both Chemist knew that the ores from that region contain Thallium. So, because of this, they searched for Green Thallium Emission Spectrum Lines. However, while they were looking at the Spectrum Lines, they found a new bright blue line. And because the bright blue line doesn't match any element, they hypothesized that a new element might be possibly be found.

Richter went on to isolate Indium. Finally, in 1864, an ingot of 0.5 kilo grams was presented in the World Fair held in 1867. However, both chemist quit when they are believed to be the only discoverer of Indium.

• Does not react with water
• Insoluble in aqeous alkaline solutions

• Soft
• Ductile
• Silvery-White Metal
• Melting Point : 156.6 degrees Celsius
• Boiling Point : 2070 degrees Celsius

Indium Ingot

Indium was one of the material used in LCD display screen for phone. they used Indium - Tin oxide films to do LCD screens.

iPhone 11 might be the Last LCD, Apple says.

Indium Bohr Model

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Indium - Element Information, Properties And Uses | Periodic ...

Indium Electrons